Invam

Home Rhizophagus fasciculatus Whole Spores COLOR: Pale yellow to pale yellow-brown SHAPE: Globose, subglobose. SIZE DISTRIBUTION: 60-110 µm Subcellular Structure of Spores Consisting of three layers (L1, L2, and L3) which form sequentially, based on the pattern of spore wall differentiation observed in all other Glomus species.

Between 800 and 1000 liters of inocula are stored at 4°C at any given time. For individual cultures, the volume typically stored ranges from 500 cm cubed (deepots) to 1200 cm cubed (15 cm diam pots). This encompasses both stocks and trap cultures. To store “whole” inocula from mixed or monospecific pot cultures, a thick cutting board is ... Feb 18, 2014 · 丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响应用生态2006CHINESEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDECOLOGY,Ju1.2006,17(7):1229—1233丛枝菌根真菌 ...The nomenclatural type material of <i>Rhizophagus intraradices</i> (basionym <i>Glomus intraradices</i>) was originally described from a trap pot culture established with root fragments, subcultures of which later became registered in the INVAM culture collection as FL 208. Subcultures of FL 208 (de …Plant Disease / May 2007 477 tain, as are races of pathogens that must be tested against specific host genotypes. In the latter instance especially, the mostThis species appears to be identical to A. elegans except for pattern of ornamentation in the laminate layer (L2 of the spore wall). Rothwell and Trappe describe that of A. elegans as being a single-layered reticulum over crowded spines only 0.5 µm high and that of A. bireticulata as being a 3-layered reticulum over “angular processes” 1 ...

Typical strain. This is what 8000 spores picked individually looks like, a 4 hour job. COLOR: Pale yellow with a greenish tint (5-0-20-0) to yellow-brown with greenish tint (5-0-100-10) in older spores. SHAPE: Wide range, from subglobose to ellipsoid to oblong, sometimes irregular. We have one strain from West Virginia that is exclusively ...14. Can trapping help to ascertain changes in fungal community structure in a single plant over time? 15. Why is so much sand used with the field soil to set up trap cultures? 16. Some people recommend vermiculite, perlite, or peat moss as a potting medium instead of sand, because it is has less bulk density.seperti halnya perkembangan spora pada glomus (Invam, 2012). Sporiferous saccule Hifa terminus . 23 Gambar 5. Proses perkembangan spora pada Archaespora (Invam, 2012). 6. Gigaspora Struktur spora yang terbentuk berupa globose dan subglobose, berbentuk ovoid, pyriformis atau irregular. Spora pada genus gigaspora berasal dari ujung hifaMay 22, 2023 ... Isolation of spores using the wet pouring technique method with centrifuges and AMF spores were identified using the INVAM methods. The ...Apr 27, 2021 ... ... (INVAM) and Matt Kasson, Director of INVAM at the Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, pose for photographs at the ...

INVAM is the largest, with four times the number of species and 28 times the number of strains of other collections, 99% of which are unique to the collection. INVAM currently contains 1112 accessioned strains of 112 species from 49 countries on all continents except Antarctica. This taxonomic diversity represents 47% of known species.The International Culture Collection of (Vesicular-) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-INVAM-the largest living culture collection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) celebrated its 35th year in 2020. The authors record here the mission and goals of INVAM, its contribution as a living culture collection, some historical aspects of INVAM, and ...The authors record here the mission and goals of INVAM, its contribution as a living culture collection, some historical aspects of INVAM, and describe the advances in mycorrhizology and AMF systematics after INVAM moved to West Virginia University.The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) is the largest collection of living arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ...Summary: Home page of the Collection. The mission of INVAM is to acquire, propagate, characterize and maintain germplasm of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in living cultures for preservation and distribution to any person or institution. eBook, English, 199u. Publisher: West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 199u. Show more information.

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pipeline, Bill Wheeler for assistance with INVAM culture meta-data, Rob Ramos for help with initial code development, friendly reviews by Ylva Lekberg and Maarja Opik, and financial€ support from the National Science Foundation (DEB-1556664, DEB-1738041, OIA-1656006, IOS-2016351, DEB-0076066).COLOR: Cylindrical to slightly flared. WIDTH: 8-12 µm at base of spore. WALL STRUCTURE: Two layers (L1, L2) that are continuous with the two layers of the spore wall. The outer hyaline layer (L1) is very thin (1 µm or less). The inner layer (L2) is concolorous with the same layer in the spore wall, 1-3 µm thick at the spore base and then ...Mar 27, 2009 · Diversispora celata sp. nov.: morphological characteristics and comparison with Diversispora spurca. (a) Spores in water, showing overall shape and colour variation; spores singly (b) and in a loose cluster (c) in polyvinyl alcohol–lactic acid–glycerol (PVLG) (b, c) showing variation in size and shape; (d–g) spores in detail, showing variation in …Jan 12, 2014 · Background and aims Soil nutrients and light have major effects on the economics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. This study tests the main and interactive effects of soil fertility and light on AM fungal community. Methods We conducted a 3 year mesocosm experiment with a full two factorial design: light (full light or shade) and …INVAM will not be involved in publication of new species descriptions unless specific written arrangements are made with the contributor. Requests for Identification Requests for identification of non-INVAM isolates will be honored if time permits, provided that the spores originated from pot/root cultures or are healthy spores from field ...

INVAM. COLOR: White to cream when immature, hyaline when emptied of contents. SHAPE: Mostly globose to subglobose. SIZE: 260-320 µm, mean = 282 µm. SACCULE WALL: A single hyaline layer with fine sublayers; the outermost sublayers appearing somewhat flakey; 3.5-4 µm thick. In the isotype (see left photo above), flakiness of the saccule ... ... (INVAM): http://invam.caf.wv.edu/fungi/taxonomy/species ID.htm. Results indicate that mycorrhizal parameters varied depending on sampling sites significantly ...Identification of spores was done by using AM identification manuals (Schenck and Perez, 1990; Rodrigues and Muthukumar, 2009). A mixture of sand: soil (2:1) with pH: 7.3; nitrogen (N): 0.57 kg ha ...Cultures of a single species usually must be started from carefully selected spores. These spores can originate from a field soil if they are healthy and infective, but probability of success varies greatly with soil type, amount of organic matter, and sometimes environmental conditions or seasons. Success appears to be greatest with sandy low ...Field study results were confirmed by growing seedlings under greenhouse conditions and inoculating them with Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith (INVAM isolate KS906) and Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall (INVAM isolate BR444–2). The AM fungi increased the growth and P contents of plants and the yield of castanospermine in the leaves ...The International Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: INVAM has a storied history, it was begun at the University of Florida, Gainsville by Normand Schenk and was managed by his devoted team from 1985 to 1990. With Dr. Schenck's retirement it was moved to West Virginia University, overseen, and expanded by curator Dr. Joseph ...Nov 1, 2022 · 3.2.2. PAHs. AM inoculation significantly increased the total plant biomass in spite of soil PAHs sources, but the effect was larger in soil polluted by MA-PAHs than that by IP-PAHs (Fig. 1 d).This increase in the total plant biomass was independent of PAHs types, but AM effect was the smallest in soil polluted by four-ring PAHs and largest in soil …International Student & Scholar Services 101 Purinton House 1505 University Ave Morgantown, WV 26506 (304) 293-3519 [email protected] a soil sample to AM fungal genome assemblies. (a) Whole inoculum from the culture collection INVAM is blended with water and (b) poured into a set of …INVAM will not be involved in publication of new species descriptions unless specific written arrangements are made with the contributor. Requests for Identification Requests for identification of non-INVAM isolates will be honored if time permits, provided that the spores originated from pot/root cultures or are healthy spores from field ...Spores glomoid, produced at or near the soil surface, in sporocarps with or without a peridium or as spores singly or in clusters. A diagnostic (but fairly degenerate) sequence from the SSUgene is: TGTYADGGCAYYRCACYGG. All species formerly classified as members of Glomus are included except for those now grouped in the families ...

An author of a prologue or collaborating with authors of a species. One or more of these criteria have been used to ascertain the reference cultures now recognized in INVAM and listed in the table below. For reference culture that could not be linked to a classified species, then this accession was assigned a genus name (based on well ...

6.2. Mycorrhizal fungi in soil health ameliorations. AMF improve soil health by different mechanisms such as improvement in the soil aggregations and structure, physical, biological, and chemical properties leading to the improved status of the ecosystem. Soil aggregation improves the penetration of the soil and water and renders the soil more resistant …INVAM is the largest, with four times the number of species and 28 times the number of strains of other collections, 99% of which are unique to the collection. INVAM currently contains 1112 accessioned strains of 112 species from 49 countries on all continents except Antarctica. This taxonomic diversity represents 47% of known species.Mean Infection Percentage (MIP) Method. This assay (Moorman and Reeves, 1979) measures the percentage mycorrhizal colonization in an assay host after a limited time period so that only primary infections occur. Sometimes, assays must be conducted at different sample dilutions because the higher the infectivity, the sooner secondary colonization ... Dec 21, 2016 · Plants without AM inoculation served as a control. Hoagland solution (Hoagland and Arnon 1950) was applied when plants showed signs of phosphorus deficiency (purpling of leaf sheaths) or nitrogen deficiency (chlorosis of young leaves) (INVAM 2016). After 2 months, the rice roots were collected to investigate the levels of …Trap Cultures. Trapping AM fungi can be used to obtain many healthy spores of colonizing fungi for identification, as inoculum to establish monospecific cultures, or for experiments. Spores collected directly from field soil suffer from many problems: (a) they appear healthy but are not viable (some persisting as dead husks for years or ...PHYLOGENY. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Glomeromycota ('arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] and related fungi') In the AMF taxonomy section you find the recent taxonomy and systematics of AM fungi. In the AMF species list you find a list with all valid (and some invalid) species names, with links to pdf-files of formal descriptions and emendations ...Jul 6, 2020 · A 2.5 cm (15 ml) layer of inoculum, original stock from INVAM, was spread evenly over the top and covered with another 2.5 cm of sand. Soybean seeds (Williams 82) were surfaced disinfested by submerging in a 10% bleach solution for 2 min and rinsed in sterile water three times before being sown 2 cm deep into the sand. Plants were …csdn已为您找到关于python计算椭圆积分相关内容，包含python计算椭圆积分相关文档代码介绍、相关教程视频课程，以及相关python计算椭圆积分问答内容。为您解决当下相关问题，如果想了解更详细python计算椭圆积分内容，请点击详情链接进行了解，或者注册账号与客服人员联系给您提供相关内容的帮助，以下是为您准备的相关内容。Dec 11, 2017 ... Makalah disampaikan dalam workshop aplikasi fungi mikoriza arbuskula pada tanaman pertanian, perkebunan dan kehutanan. Bogor. INVAM. 2017.Some isolates in INVAM are consistently white, but the spores are at the small end of the size distribution, others are highly variable in color (changing with pot culture generation), and still others are mostly yellow to yellow-brown. This continuum eliminates any morphological distinction between R. clarus and Rhizophagus manihotis.

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Hindumathi, A. and Reddy, B. (2011) Occurrence and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and microbial flora in the rhizosphere soils of mungbean [vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] and soybean [glycine max (L.) Merr.] from Adilabad, Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh state, India.INVAM will not be involved in publication of new species descriptions unless specific written arrangements are made with the contributor. Requests for Identification Requests for identification of non-INVAM isolates will be honored if time permits, provided that the spores originated from pot/root cultures or are healthy spores from field ... An author of a prologue or collaborating with authors of a species. One or more of these criteria have been used to ascertain the reference cultures now recognized in INVAM and listed in the table below. For reference culture that could not be linked to a classified species, then this accession was assigned a genus name (based on well ...Dec 9, 2022 · Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the potential to maintain the sustainability of rice cultivation via maintaining soil health. The objective of this study was to produce an AMF-based biofertilizer for the rice variety Bg350 using indigenous dominant species of AMF that are adapted to paddy wetland soil conditions in dry, wet, and …After the endpoint is defined, the external IPAM service is accessible from the vRA user interface and administrators can choose IP address ranges from the external IPAM provider. The APIs provided by the service allow users to: Retrieve the list of available IP ranges for a single IPAM provider. Allocate a subrange of IPs.Mając na względzie ochronę i bezpieczeństwo Twoich danych osobowych, firma Bio-Tech Media sp. z o.o., przykładając szczególną wagę do ich ochrony, dostosowała swoje zasady ich przetwarzania do obowiązującego od dnia 25 maja 2018 roku Rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) z dnia 27 kwietnia 2016 r. nr 2016/679Sporocarps dark brown to black, subglobosc to highly variable in shape, 315-690×424-776 µm, consisting of a single layer of spores originating from a central core of thick interwoven hyphae; peridium absent. Sporocarp aggregates up to 18×12 x 2 mm in size. Some sporocarps originating from and connected by a broad (20 µm) thick-walled (3 µm ... Feb 18, 2014 · 丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响应用生态2006CHINESEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDECOLOGY,Ju1.2006,17(7):1229—1233丛枝菌根真菌 ...Over the last few decades, argan trees (Argania spinosa L.) skeels have faced harsh ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressure, leading to a dramatic decline in surface and density of cultivation. Nowadays, most techniques used to regenerate argan trees have failed. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root symbionts that increase … ….

This expansion seems to cease at the onset of spore formation. Spores may retain the pedicel after detachment from a saccule or appear sessile if the pedicel breaks off at the spore base. Spores have a three-layered spore wall. The outer layer can degrade to varying degrees or can slough completely. The middle layer is continous with inner wall ... Successful storage of pot cultures in liquid nitrogen for six years or longer has been reported for a certain number of fungi from the International INVAM ...INVAM History The International Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: INVAM has a storied history, it was begun at the University of Florida, Gainsville by …Feb 18, 2014 · 丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响应用生态2006CHINESEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDECOLOGY,Ju1.2006,17(7):1229—1233丛枝菌根真菌 ...L1: Hyaline, thin (0.5-1.2 µm), and so flexible that it often produces extensive wrinkles in PVLG when present. When this layer does not slough, it produces numerous folds on the spore surface and appears “rugose”. This layer has been defined as a “membranous wall”, but it clearly originates as an extension of the hyphal wall of the ...6.2. Mycorrhizal fungi in soil health ameliorations. AMF improve soil health by different mechanisms such as improvement in the soil aggregations and structure, physical, biological, and chemical properties leading to the improved status of the ecosystem. Soil aggregation improves the penetration of the soil and water and renders the soil more resistant …14. Can trapping help to ascertain changes in fungal community structure in a single plant over time? 15. Why is so much sand used with the field soil to set up trap cultures? 16. Some people recommend vermiculite, perlite, or peat moss as a potting medium instead of sand, because it is has less bulk density. Jun 19, 2021 · Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbiont found in association with plants under various geoclimatic and edaphic conditions. Biodiversity of AM fungi is reported from (but not limited to) tropical zones, temperate zones, alpine zones, agricultural soils, mangroves, heavy metal (HM)-polluted soils, acidic soils, saline soils, and alkaline soils.Qui sommes-nous? L’AIVAM regroupe 20 opérateurs professionnels qui sont les distributeurs officiels de 34 marques, soit l’ensemble du marché formel de la voiture … Invam, Subcellular Structure of Spores · SPORE WALL: Three layers (L1, L2, and L3), with the outer layer usually separating somewhat from the inner two layers (which ..., Mycorrhizae. Fungal structures in a mycorrhizal root cannot be seen without differential staining. Once that is done, then comes the task of measuring the extent of mycorrhizal colonization or other variables, some of which are discussed here. The photo above shows typical arbuscular development in a corn root colonized by Dentiscutata ..., available in www.INVAM.wvu.edu.com website. (INVAM, 2005).. Observation of the structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization of plant roots were., Maintenance of Long-Term Cultures. Some fungi require over six months to sporulate (such as sporocarpic species formerly in Sclerocystis).Others produce spores and other propagules which break-down rapidly in dry storage and therefore some or all of the stock material must be maintained in long-term cultures., Two families of mycorrhizal fungi: Acaulosporaceae (Acaulospora capsicula, Acaulospora denticulata), Glomeraceae (Funeliformis mosseae, Funeliformis geosporum, Glomus caledonius, Glomus ambiosporum, Rhizophagus intraradices and Septoglomus contrictum), isolated and identified by Davis- INVAM key in the rhizosphere of maize …, Schenck, N.C. and Perez, Y. (1990) Manual for Identification of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. (INVAM). University of Florida, Gainesville., Jan 1, 2009 · Identification of spores was done by using AM identification manuals (Schenck and Perez, 1990; Rodrigues and Muthukumar, 2009). A mixture of sand: soil (2:1) with pH: 7.3; nitrogen (N): 0.57 kg ha ..., Emeritus professor of plant pathology, West Virginia University, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Design Curator of INVAM at WVU. I retired from WVU on March 15, 2017. In May, my wife (Sunnie) and I moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico. After 37 wonderful years at WVU, we decided that our retirement years should involve completely new ..., We obtained G. clarum spores from the International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). Because G. clarum is a ubiquitous AMF species in North American forest soils (J. Morton, (INVAM), pers. comm.), it is an appropriate representative AMF species for this study. The spores were washed twice in 2.5% chloramine ..., ... (INVAM) and procedures for culture development, documentation and storage. Mycotaxon, 48 (1993), pp. 491-528. Google Scholar. Phillips and Hayman, 1970. J.M. ..., Staining of Mycorrhizal Roots. When sampling roots to detect and/or measure the amount of mycorrhizal colonization, it is important to select finer, more fibrous roots. Older roots or those from plants with taproots or other coarse roots, may have some mycorrhizae, but colonization usually is sparse, and consists only of hyphae that often is ..., INVAM Accessions. The accession table consists of records of the data on fungi at the time of deposit. Only those fungi which have been tested to be viable in our culture system (requiring one propagation cycle in pot culture) are accessioned. This means that some deposits don’t appear at all in the database. Instructions, It was easy to identify as S. viscosum because of the thorough and detailed description by Walker et al. (1995). The fungus is a prolific sporulator, with almost 50% of spores in culture organized in loose aggregates. It also produces abundant glomalin (Wright, pers. commun.). LSU sequences generated in our lab clearly place this species in the ..., Glomus clarum. Rhizoglomus clarum. Rhizophagus clarus (previously known as Glomus clarum [1]) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the family Glomeraceae. The species has been shown to improve nutrient absorption and growth in several agricultural crops but is not typically applied commercially. [2], The nomenclatural type material of Rhizophagus intraradices (basionym Glomus intraradices) was originally described from a trap pot culture established with root fragments, subcultures of which later became registered in the INVAM culture collection as FL 208. Subcultures of FL 208 (designated as strain ATT 4) and a new strain, independently ..., 以云南轿子山野生的腋花杜鹃为研究对象，利用石蜡切片、根系透明染色，观察腋花杜鹃菌根的解剖结构，检测菌根的侵染率及研究根系共生菌根真菌的形态多样性；采用形态鉴定的方法研究根际土壤AM真菌的物种多样性；采取形态学结合rDNA ITS序列测序方法，研究杜鹃植物根系共生真菌的物种多样性。, PHYLOGENY. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Glomeromycota ('arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] and related fungi') In the AMF taxonomy section you find the recent taxonomy and systematics of AM fungi. In the AMF species list you find a list with all valid (and some invalid) species names, with links to pdf-files of formal descriptions and emendations ..., 1991年开始从事教学与科研工作至今，历任助教、讲师、副教授、教授。其间1990.6-1991.7在北京大学任民族班班主任；2009.10～2010.5国家公派赴美国西弗吉尼亚大学（West Virginia University）国际丛枝菌根真菌保藏中心（INVAM）作访问学者,开展AM真菌, Jan 4, 2022 · Many endemic plant species from Brazil’s Legal Amazon present soil organisms in their rhizosphere. These organisms play a key role in the physiological traits, plant performance, and resistance against drought, and herbivory. Our aim here was to present a quantitative analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species, and …, Gigaspora sp (INVAM PA201) was isolated from a farm in Lancaster, PA. This fungus was grown on medium supplemented with 5 μm quercetin in the absence (left) and presence (right) of 2OH-TDA. A second type of bioassay was then used to accurately measure the concentration which could affect hyphal growth or hyphal branching., The inoculum Funneliformis mosseae (F.m) (MD118) was purchased from the International Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). They were propagated through hosts (maize: Nongda 108 and Plantago depressa Wild.) in zeolite and sand for five months prior to use; the spore density was approximately 30 spores g …, Acaulosporoid Synanamorph. COLOR: White in youth (see far left photo above) to hyaline at maturity. SHAPE: Globose to subglobose (see far right photo above for unusual behavior in producing protrusions) SIZE DISTRIBUTION: 220-300 µm, mean = 260 µm (n = 96) WALL STRUCTURE: Hyaline and of variable thickness due to patchy sloughing of material ... , Jun 1, 2020 · dipertegas dengan menggunakan website INVAM. Karakteristik yang diamati adalah bentuk spora, warna spora dan ornamen spora. Hasil dari identifikasi mikoriza Desa Poteran ditemukan tiga genus spora yaitu genus Glomus , Acaulospora dan, In 1985, he received funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and created the International Culture Collection of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM)., May 1, 2017 · Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, subphylum Glomeromycotina) are symbionts of most terrestrial plants. They commonly harbour endobacteria of a largely unknown biology, referred to as MRE ( M ollicutes /mycoplasma-related endobacteria). Here, we propose to accommodate MRE in the novel genus ‘Candidatus Moeniiplasma.’ …, Glomus clarum. Rhizoglomus clarum. Rhizophagus clarus (previously known as Glomus clarum [1]) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the family Glomeraceae. The species has been shown to improve nutrient absorption and growth in several agricultural crops but is not typically applied commercially. [2], To better understand research and corporate events, members of the media can follow-up us, including press releases and articles about INVAMED. INVAMED does continuous innovation in researching and developing high-tech medical device equipment such as stents, catheters and other creative solutions to provide the most efficient treatment for ..., The International Culture Collection of (Vesicular-) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-INVAM-the largest living culture collection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) celebrated its 35th year in 2020. The authors record here the mission and goals of INVAM, its contribution as a living culture collection, some historical aspects of INVAM, and ... , SHAPE: Markedly funnel-shaped in over 90% of spores in a population. WIDTH: 30-42 µm (mean = 34.6 µm). WALL STRUCTURE: Two layers (L1 and L2) continuous with the two layers of the spore wall, 3.2-7.5 µm thick (see photo at right). L1 is the outer layer, thins to 1.2-1.6 µm within 50 µm of the spore. Rarely present on the hypha of mature ..., Mean Infection Percentage (MIP) Method. This assay (Moorman and Reeves, 1979) measures the percentage mycorrhizal colonization in an assay host after a limited time period so that only primary infections occur. Sometimes, assays must be conducted at different sample dilutions because the higher the infectivity, the sooner secondary colonization ..., The International Culture Collection of (Vesicular-) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi—INVAM—the largest living culture collection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi …, Selective Primers. In INVAM cultures, routine counts of “colony forming units” from 3-month-old pot cultures indicates an average background of 103 actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi per cm3 contents. Despite this background, multitudes of healthy spores are used to extract DNA that produce reproducible results., Only two genes have been sequenced at INVAM, with the majority pertaining to an rRNA gene. The full length beta-tubulin gene ( TUB2 ) was characterized by Msiska and Morton (2009a) and an approximate 1000 bp region was selectively amplified for phylogenetic analysis which contains three highly variable introns (Msiska and Morton 2009b).